Break-even units

Break-even revenue
Contribution per unit
Contribution margin
Margin of safety
Profit at current volume

How it works

Every unit sold contributes price minus variable cost towards the fixed costs of being in business. Break-even is simply the point where those contributions have covered the fixed costs entirely — everything after that is profit.

The margin of safety matters as much as the break-even point itself. It measures how far current sales sit above the line, and therefore how much of a downturn the business can absorb before it starts losing money.

Break-even units = fixed costs ÷ (price − variable cost)

  • Fixed costs — costs that do not change with volume — rent, salaries, software
  • Contribution — price less variable cost, the amount each sale puts towards fixed costs
  • Margin of safety — how far current sales exceed the break-even point

Worked example

850,000 of fixed costs, selling at 1,200 with a 480 variable cost, currently selling 1,500 units

Inputs

Fixed costs850,000
Price1,200
Variable cost480
Current units1,500

Results

Break-even units1,181
Break-even revenue1,417,200
Margin of safety21.3%

Sales could fall 21% before the business starts losing money. Under 20% is generally considered uncomfortable.

Frequently asked questions

Which costs count as fixed?

Those that do not move with volume in the short run: rent, permanent salaries, insurance, software subscriptions, loan payments. Anything that rises with each unit sold is variable and belongs in the other field.

What is a healthy margin of safety?

Above 30% is comfortable, 20–30% workable, below 20% precarious — a modest downturn or a lost customer tips you into losses. Seasonal businesses should be measured at their weakest point, not their average.

How do I lower my break-even point?

Three levers, in order of typical impact: raise the price, cut variable costs, cut fixed costs. Because the price change affects the contribution directly, small increases move the break-even point further than most people expect.

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